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Interestingly, using bismuth as a therapeutic drug against gastroduodenal complaints was a routine approach, although its mechanism of action is unclear. pylori antibiotic susceptibility patterns is the Achilles heel of the new written guidelines. Indeed, underestimated value of providing H. Henceforth, lack of susceptibility tests resulted in scarcity of available data regarding antimicrobial susceptibilities. Meanwhile, diagnostic tests have been greatly improved, and clinicians now tend to use noninvasive methods for dealing with the gastroduodenal complaints. In the past, clinicians checked susceptibility results before prescription nowadays, they do not pursue this approach anymore. pylori however, it seems unwise to rely on a single therapeutic approach. Until now, some antibiotics showed a promising efficacy level for eradicating the infection by H. pylori from human stomach, but all hopes were almost fainted. As expected for a normal bacterial infection, monotherapy has been launched to eradicate the H. pylori infection however, only a few recent studies showed acceptable efficacy rate. Standard therapy (PPI, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin) is the most recommended/useful therapy to cure H. Optimistically, current cure rates with available therapeutic regimens are less than 80%, which call for urgent reconsideration about ongoing strategies on H.
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Increased resistance rate, especially to the two major members of therapy (clarithromycin and metronidazole), has reduced the efficacy rate of those therapeutic regimens. Unfortunately, a universal therapeutic regimen to cure all H. Many therapeutic regimens have been suggested, with different doses, durations, formulations, and exceptional drug administrations. Usually, in the case of other infectious agents, eradication therapy results in nearly 100% successful rate, but the story is slightly different with H. With this regard, treatment seems as the first and obvious weapon to tackle this persistent infection. pylori infection in various ethnic populations.
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Meanwhile, various research groups have failed to produce an effective vaccine that is quite preventive against H. pylori is a persistent microorganism, which if not treated survives on the human gastric epithelial cells. pylori can reduce the recurrence rate of duodenal ulcer, early gastric cancer, and metachronous carcinoma. It has traditionally been confirmed that successful eradication of H. pylori infection consequences can be listed as follows: gastroduodenal ulcer disease, chronic gastritis, and gastric adenocarcinoma. It is a spiral and microaerophilic bacterium that inhabits the mucosal layer of the gastric epithelium. pylori) is one of the most prevalent pathogens, which colonizes 50% of the world’s population. Designing new therapeutic regimen, which contains most effective available antibiotics with less possible side effects and high patient compliance, represents a challenging task in treatment of H. The new strategies in treatment should be adopted based upon local resistance patterns, which requires physician’s resistance about the recommended guidelines. Meanwhile, improving the patients’ compliance protocols and observed side effects in suggested therapeutic regimens should be considered cautiously. Local preference for antibiotic selection should be an inevitable article in each therapeutic regimen worldwide. In this setting, despite the recent progress, we may only be targeting the patients with problematic H. pylori is entering into a completely new resistance era. To date, first line therapies (including concomitant therapy and hybrid therapy), second line therapies (including bismuth-containing quadruple therapy and levofloxacin-containing therapy), and third line therapy (culture-guided therapy) had been introduced. The success of various therapeutic regimens has recently declined to unacceptable levels. The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance has warned clinicians to adopt new strategies for dealing with the H.